Preserving Language Is Worth It

I read three articles this morning that are so important--one related to language and two related to in-state tuition for undocumented students. Below is the first.

Teaching American Indian languages in schools is a tool that educators say has been tested as a way
By Jennifer Toomer-Cook and Deborah BulkeleyDeseret Morning News
Published: February 4, 2008

Teaching American Indian languages in schools is a tool that educators say has been tested as a way of raising the achievement bar. To that end, the State Board of Education is seeking $275,000 to preserve and revitalize Utah's indigenous languages to help narrow achievement gaps.

Utah's CRT state test results show a 45 percentage point difference between the performance of Navajo and Caucasian students on language arts, 48 percentage points on math and 57 percentage points on science, according to data state associate superintendent Brenda Hales presented to the Education Appropriations Committee Thursday.

The Education Board wants to include San Juan and Uintah School District's Ute Indian population in the proposed program. The Northern Band of Shoshone, Goshute and the Skull Valley tribe would be included in the future, under the proposal, which came out of the governor's fall Native American summit, Hales said.

"Take a look year after year at low test scores and a 50 percent dropout rate, we have a whole generation of students we're going to lose if we don't start making immediate attempts to help them," Hales said.

Following a pilot program in San Juan School District where students were immersed in Navajo Language classes, the gap closed to 15 percentage points in language arts, 23 percentage points in math and 10 percent in science.

Forrest Cuch, director of the Utah Office of Indian Affairs, said culture is also at stake and that Utah's five native nations need to work together with the state and federal governments to preserve them.

"We're losing our languages," Cuch said. "The federal government has come forward and Utah tribes would like the state to come forward."

In addition to the language funding, Sen. Ross Romero, D-Salt Lake, said he's requesting $350,000 to partner with KUED on an educational program highlighting Utah's five nations — Ute, Piute, Shoshone, Goshute and Navajo.

Salt Lake City School District multicultural director Janice Jones Schroeder passionately lobbied this past week for money to fund the language program. Schroeder, an American Indian, said the language of her ancestors has been lost, and with it part of herself.

"The more you deny bills like this you deny us as human beings," Schroeder said. "We're tired of being marginalized ... Our kids are not succeeding nationwide, in Utah and the schools I work for ... because we've been denied those rights ... to be who we are."

Committee Chairman Sen. Howard Stephenson wondered whether language preservation was the way to go, or if $275,000 could be better spent otherwise.

"When it's not spoken in the home ... how do we expect to require those students or encourage those students to keep that language alive?" he said. "Is it a reasonable expectation? Is it going be a useful language, or is it going to be something 100 years from now ... it's still gone?"
Responded Schroeder: "To me, every human being is worth more than $275,000."

E-mail: dbulkeley@desnews.com
© 2008 Deseret News Publishing Company All rights reserved

Hispanic Youth Risky Behaviors: Family an Answer

Hispanic adolescents are at higher risk for substance abuse and risky sexual behavior than other ethnic groups, according to the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

According to a study that was published in the December 2007 issue of the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology a family-centered program that improves parent-child dynamics and family functioning is more effective at discouraging Hispanic youth from engaging in risky behaviors than programs that target specific behaviors. The favorable outcomes shown by the findings are even more significant and noteworthy when it is noted that most of the sessions were conducted only with the parents.

One explanation for the success of a program such as this is that a program that involves the family is more consistent with Hispanic culture. The Hispanic culture is a culture that is family-centered and one in which the family is depended upon for emotional support.

Identity: It's Not Either Or

Did you hear about the time when a president went to visit a nursing home?

He walked up to a lady in a wheel chair and tried to be polite, but found that he wasn't being very successful at carrying on a conversation with her. Finally, in desperation he said, "Ma'am, do you know who I am?" She answered, "No, sir, I don't know who you are--but if you go up to that desk, they can tell you."


Everyone wants to be recognized and appreciated for who they are. Belonging is a strong need for each of us.


An article was posted on November 27, 2007 at charlotte.com about Hispanics joining gangs that describes very well what happens when this sense of belonging is not met. Although the following information comes from N.C., the facts are similar to what other states are facing:

• Hispanic youth struggling to find acceptance in U.S. culture are increasingly turning to gangs and other destructive behavior seeking a sense of belonging.


• In N.C. more than half of Hispanic girls are expected to be pregnant before their 20th birthday (and I'll add that too many of them will be unwed mothers).


• More than 40% of N.C. youth say they have faced ethnic discrimination, often from classmates.


• Some Hispanic students are four to five years behind academically, and they are illiterate in their native language.


• Educators often write off students who join gangs.

The article ends by quoting William Lassiter, manager of the state's Center for the Prevention of School Violence: "The big misconception is that these kids are not savable, that once they're in, they're info life. That's just not true. We need to ask ourselves: How do we serve these kids better?"

In order to serve these kids better, it is critical that we recognize is that young people who are made to feel that they have to sacrifice one culture for another experience a feeling of not truly fitting in anywhere.

Researchers have identified four choices our diverse students have in regards to this

1. Separation: Cultural learners choose to retain their original culture and avoid interaction with the dominant culture.


2. Assimilation: Cultural learners reject their original culture and seek to identify only with the dominant culture.


3. Integration: Cultural learners seek to maintain aspects of their original culture as well as the dominant culture.


4. Marginalization: Cultural learners show little interest in having cultural ties with either their original culture or the dominant culture.

Research demonstrates that cultural learners who choose integration glean the greatest benefits. When they can bridge the two cultures of their lives, they have higher self-esteem, even when facing apparent discrimination. Also, according to researcher, Dr. Patricia Gándara, "...the most academically successful students were those who remained most closely allied with the culture of their parents." Recent research show that many first and second generation immigrant children are successful not because they relinquish their traditional ways but because they draw strength from their home culture and a positive sense of their eithnic identity.

If we are to better serve our Hispanic youth, it is crucial that we respond to what the research suggests and do "whatever it takes" so they are able to integrate. If we don't, they are left with the other options, none of which is productive. Choosing marginalization is especially detrimental because living in "no man's land" makes joining and belonging to a gang very attractive.

It's also important to remember that for youth to be able to draw strength from two cultures can only make their lives richer.

NOTE: There are two websites that I highly recommend where more ideas can be found on what is needed to give Hispanic youth tools that they need to avoid gangs: www.richardrramos.com and www.bullies2buddies.com Richard Ramos is the author of Got Gangs? and Izzy Kalman is the author of Bullies to Buddies.

Potential

Last spring I wrote a paper for a Linguistics class about the importance of cultural/ethnic identity. In the paper I said:

Did you hear about the time when a president went to visit a nursing home?

He walked up to a lady in a wheel chair and tried to be polite, but found that he wasn't being very successful at carrying on a conversation with her. Finally, in desperation he said, "Ma'am, do you know who I am?"
She answered, "No sir, I don't know who you are--but if you go up to that desk they can tell you."
Everyone wants to be recognized for who they are.

INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this study was to determine if ethnic/cultural identity was important to Utah Hispanics/ Latinos who had achieved academic success. Because the fervor in Utah (and the U.S.) right now is “English Only” and the desire to assimilate our culturally and linguistically diverse students as soon as possible, this study wanted to determine if there might be a more productive alternative. The hypothesis is that Utah Hispanics/Latinos who retain and value their ethnic/cultural identity while also learning the rules, customs, practices, perspectives, etc. of the dominant culture, will experience greater academic success. This hypothesis is based on the rationale that students who retain their primary ethnic/cultural identity will have stronger family ties as families are critical to young people developing a strong sense of identity. This strong sense of identity and identification with ethnic cultural values can serve as protective factors (Alford, 2006) . One’s primary culture can offer support as a young person deals with the stress and anxiety when striving to adapt to new roles and social expectations in a new culture (Decapua & Wintergerst, 2004) Young people who are made to feel that they have to sacrifice one culture for another, may experience a feeling of not truly fitting in anywhere. Plus, having two cultures from which to draw strength can only make students that much richer as a person.

The research for this paper supported the fact that young people who are able to navigate both the dominant culture and their heritage culture do better not only academically, but also in life generally. They have a greater sense of who they are.


Yet, there is an important component to remember as we strive to help young people realize their potential. Their potential lies not in any particular cultural or ethnic identity. Potential lies in the fact that they are literally children of God. When we think deeply about what that means, it can have a profound impact on how we interact with our diverse learners.


Once again I'm reminded of the words of C. S. Lewis and how they relate to our diverse learners:

"It is a serious thing," says Lewis, "to live in a society of possible gods and goddesses, to remember that the dullest and most uninteresting person you talk to may one day be a creature which, if you saw it now, you would be strongly tempted to worship...... There are no 'ordinary' people. You have never talked to a mere mortal.

--C. S. Lewis, From The Weight of Glory.

E. D. Hirsch and Closing the Achievement Gap

Yesterday's "blog" posting ended with two questions:

1. Which facts?
2. Who decides which facts?

Before answering these two questions, the following are some other questions to consider:

• Why does the learning gap for the haves and have nots grow wider as students move through the school in the U.S. while the opposite occurs in other countries?
• Why do more 2nd and 3rd generation immigrant students drop out of school than 1st generation immigrant students?
• What makes our schools unfair?
• What does educational justice mean?

Some points to consider while pondering the answers to these questions:

• Educational justice means equality of educational opportunity
• Imparting a universally shared core of knowledge helps overcome inequality
• Classroom learning can go forward more effectively when all students share some common points of reference
• ALL children will learn relatively well in an effective school--High quality tends to be correlated with high equity
• Some students are learning less than others because of systematic shortcomings in their schooling and social and economic differences rather than because of their own innate lack of academic ability
• New knowledge expands exponentially
• There is a "Matthew Effect"--the more background knowledge and the richer the vocabulary a learner has, the greater will be his/her ability to accumulate more knowledge
• Detailed guidelines provide clarity
• A diverse country has a greater need of a core-knowledge system than does a homogeneous one

The work of E. D. Hirsch's, Cultural Literacy, has been criticized not only in the multicultural education arena, but also in the general education arena. Yet, before criticizing him too harshly and "throwing the baby out with the bath water," it is my opinion that we need to have an understanding of why his work on core knowledge could be helpful to diverse learners:

• It addresses the snowball effect that allows a small knowledge difference in kindergarten to become a huge gap in learning within a few years
• It builds from year to year on the background knowledge learners need to be academically successful
• A teacher can identify what background knowledge a learner is missing
• It does not stipulate everything a learner should know. In fact, it is meant to comprise only 50% of the school's curriculum leaving ample time to address other learning needs, including more ethnically-centered curricula
• Because cosmopolitanism is a true friend to diversity, core knowledge has adopted a cosmpolitan approach to history and literature in order to reinforce the fact that no longer are Blacks, Latinos, Asians, and other ethnic groups invisible in the past or the present
• In order to be fair to diverse learners, it is critical that schools not neglect or reject the current dominant culture
• The Hirsch core knowledge is not the work of one person, but the work of many, including multicultural advisors, who combined scholarly research with grassroots experience to develop this sequence consensus
• It was empirical science and not ideology that originated cultural literacy and the core knowledge movement
• There is evidence that supports the connection between core knowledge and educational justice. In fact, the correlations between fairness and core knowledge are 100 percent.

As the U.S. becomes more diverse it is critical that we find ways to not only acknowledge the diversity and benefit from the richness that diversity brings, but also find ways to bring us together. It is my opinion that the principles of Hirsch's Cultural Literacy and core knowledge can help do both.